Палатинский Холм (Palatine Hill)

Палатин – центральный из семи римских холмов. Согласно легенде, именно на нём волчица вскормила Рема и Ромула. Сегодняшний Палатин выглядит островком тишины посреди шумного Рима. Это огромный археологический заповедник.

Остатки императорских дворцов Палатина со стороны Большого цирка

История Палатина

Своё начало холм Палатин берет начало ещё до основания Рима, ведь на этом холме жили пастухи ещё за тысячу лет до нашей эры. Позже холм стал основным местом действия известной легенды про Ромула и Рема.

• По легенде, именно на Палатинском холме волчица нашла и вскормила 2 братьев-основателей Рима;
• Именно здесь (уже позже) Ромул и Рем начали строить великий город;
• И именно на холме Палатина Ромул убил Рема.

Подтверждают легенды археологические раскопки: специалистами были найдены поселения, которые были основаны в 1000 году до нашей эры, что подтверждает раннее заселение Палатина, по сравнению с другими шестью холмами.

При жизни Ромул окружил Палатинский холм стеной с двумя воротами – это были первые оборонные сооружения Рима.

Знатное место

Спустя сотни лет римляне свято чтили свою историю, и помнили, где жили их предки. Поэтому многие люди хотели жить на Палатине, этот холм считался самым престижным в городе, но населяли холм только римская знать.

Только богачи и императоры могли позволить себе строить на Палатинском холме свои виллы и дворцы.

Чтобы показать свою значимость, каждый новый дворец строился больше и роскошней предыдущих. В какой-то момент такие сооружения стали настолько огромными, что аналогов в то время по миру не существовало.

Им даже присвоили собственное название – домусы. Иметь такие домус считали за честь, поэтому каждый император строил свой домус, как только восходил на трон. Самые известные сохранившиеся до наших дней домусы – это резиденции императоров Августа, Тиберия и Доминициана.

Один из таких домусов. Ограда в центре примерно по грудь

Упадок Палатина

После нашествия готов на Рим постройки на Палатине разрушили, и после никто им не занимался вплоть до XVII века. Но когда холм попал во владение семейства Фарнезе, то на нём активно началась реконструкция погребенных под землю построек.

Окончательная археологическая работа на Палатинском холме в Риме была закончена при поддержке Наполеона III в 60-х годах XIX века, но после римские власти забрали собственность Наполеона в связи с исторической ценностью, найденной при раскопках.

За всю историю на Палатине построили множество строений, которые впечатляют туристов и сегодня. Палатинский холм – это часть истории Рима в нетронутом виде.

Derivative terms

The term palace, from Old French palais or paleis, stems ultimately from the proper name of Palatine Hill.

The Palatine Hill is also the etymological origin (via the Latin adjective palatinus) of «palatine», a 16th century English adjective that originally signified something pertaining to the Caesar’s palace, or someone who is invested with the king’s authority. Later its use shifted to a reference to the German Palatinate. The office of the German count palatine (Pfalzgraf) had its origins in the comes palatinus, an earlier office in Merovingian and Carolingian times.

Another modern English word «paladin», came into usage to refer to any distinguished knight (especially one of the Twelve Peers of Charlemagne) under Charlemagne in late renditions of Matter of France.

Музей Антиквариум

Одно из самых интересных мест Палатина – музей Антиквариум. На двух этажах музея представлены древние скульптуры, мозаики и барельефы, чудом сохранившиеся под слоем земли. Также в музеи есть залы и с современными скульптурами.

Музей резко отличается белым цветом от других построек, поэтому его легко найти

Вход бесплатный, осуществляется по билету Колизей-Палатин-Форум. Посещать стоит любителям истории и артефактов древности, впрочем как и всю остальную часть Палатина.

Музей открывается в 9:00 и закрывается за 2 часа до заката со вторника по воскресенье.

Etymology

According to Livy (59 BC – AD 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the Arcadian settlement of Pallantium. More likely, it is derived from the noun palātum «palate»; Ennius uses it once for the «heaven», and it may be connected with the Etruscan word for sky, falad.

Видео Палатина

Mythology

According to Roman mythology, the Palatine Hill was the location of the cave, known as the Lupercal, where Romulus and Remus were found by the she-wolf Lupa that kept them alive.

Another legend occurring on the Palatine is Hercules’ defeat of Cacus after the monster had stolen some cattle. Hercules struck Cacus with his characteristic club so hard that it formed a cleft on the southeast corner of the hill, where later a staircase bearing the name of Cacus was constructed.

Палатинский холм на карте Рима:

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History

Rome has its origins on the Palatine. Excavations show that people have lived in the area since the 10th century BC. Excavations performed on the hill in 1907 and again in 1948 unearthed a collection of huts believed to have been used for funerary purposes between the 9th and 7th century BC approximating the time period when the city of Rome was founded.

According to Livy, after the immigration of the Sabines and the Albans to Rome, the original Romans lived on the Palatine. The Palatine Hill was also the site of the ancient festival of the Lupercalia.

Many affluent Romans of the Republican period (c.509 BC – 44 BC) had their residences there.

From the start of the Empire (27 BC) Augustus built his palace there and the hill gradually became the exclusive domain of emperors; the ruins of the palaces of at least Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), Tiberius (14 – 37 AD) and Domitian (81 – 96 AD) can still be seen.

Augustus also built a temple to Apollo here.

The great fire of 64 AD destroyed Nero’s palace, but he replaced it by 69 AD with the even larger Domus Aurea over which was built Domitian’s Palace

Monuments

The Palatine Hill is an archaeological site open to the public (requires payment).

The Palace of Domitian which dominates the site and looks out over the Circus Maximus was rebuilt largely during the reign of Domitian over earlier buildings of Nero.

Later emperors particularly the Severans made significant additions to the buildings.

Houses of Livia and Augustus

The House of Livia, the wife of Augustus, is conventionally attributed to her based only on the generic name on a clay pipe and circumstantial factors such as proximity to the House of Augustus.

The building is located near the Temple of Magna Mater at the western end of the hill, on a lower terrace from the temple. It is notable for its beautiful frescoes.

Fresco of the tablinium of the House of Livia

The Palace of Domitian

Water garden of the Domus Augustana

Domus Severiana

Septizodium

Temple of Cybele

House of Tiberius

The House of Tiberius was built by Tiberius, but Tiberius spent much of his time in his palaces in Campania and Capri. It was later incorporated into Nero’s Domus Transitoria. Part of it is remains in the current Farnese Gardens.

Excavations

During Augustus’ reign, an area of the Palatine Hill was roped off for a sort of archaeological expedition, which found fragments of Bronze Age pots and tools. He declared this site the «original town of Rome.» Modern archaeology has identified evidence of Bronze Age settlement in the area which predates Rome’s founding. There is a museum on the Palatine in which artifacts dating from before the official foundation of the City are displayed. The museum also contains Roman statuary.

An altar to an unknown deity, once thought to be Aius Locutius, was discovered here in 1820.

In July 2006, archaeologists announced the discovery of the Palatine House, which they believe to be the birthplace of Rome’s first Emperor, Augustus. Head archaeologist Clementina Panella uncovered a section of corridor and other fragments under Rome’s Palatine Hill, which she described on July 20 as «a very ancient aristocratic house.» The two story house appears to have been built around an atrium, with frescoed walls and mosaic flooring, and is situated on the slope of the Palatine that overlooks the Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine. The Republican-era houses on the Palatine were overbuilt by later palaces after the Great Fire of Rome (64), but apparently this one was not; the tempting early inference is that it was preserved for a specific and important reason. On the ground floor, three shops opened onto the Via Sacra.

The location of the domus is important because of its potential proximity to the Curiae Veteres, the earliest shrine of the curies of Rome.

The photo of the excavated cave beneath the Domus Livia on the Palatine Hill, believed to be the Lupercal. The photo was taken with a remote sensing device.

In January 2007, Italian archeologist Irene Iacopi announced that she had probably found the legendary Lupercal cave beneath the remains of Augustus’ residence, the Domus Livia (House of Livia) on the Palatine. Archaeologists came across the 16-metre-deep cavity while working to restore the decaying palace. The first photos of the cave show a richly decorated vault encrusted with mosaics and seashells. The Lupercal was probably converted to a sanctuary by Romans in later centuries.

In November 2007 archaeologists unveiled photographs of the cave. Partially collapsed and decorated with seashells and colored marble, the vaulted sanctuary is buried 16 metres inside the Palatine hill. A white eagle was found atop the sanctuary’s vault. Most of the sanctuary is collapsed or filled with earth, but laser scans allowed experts to estimate that the circular structure has a height of 8 metres and a diameter of 7.3 metres. Adriano La Regina (former Rome’s archaeological superintendent 1976–2004, professor of Etruscology at Rome’s La Sapienza University), Prof. Fausto Zevi (professor of Roman Archaeology at Rome’s La Sapienza University) and Prof. Henner von Hesberg (head of the German Archaeological Institute, Rome) denied the identification of the grotto with Lupercal on topographic and stylistic grounds. They concluded that the grotto is actually a nymphaeum or underground triclinium from Neronian times.

References

Citations Bibliography

• Tomei, Maria Antonietta. «The Palatine.» Trans. Luisa Guarneri Hynd. Milano: Electa (Ministero per i Beni e le Actività Culturali Sopraintendenza Archeologica di Roma), 1998.

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