Храмы Чола (Great Living Chola Temples)

The Great Living Chola Temples is a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for a group of Chola dynasty era Hindu temples in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Completed between early 11th and the 12th century CE, the monuments include the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. The Brihadisvara Temple was recognised in 1987; the Temple of Gangaikondacholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple were added as extensions to the site in 2004.

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11-я сессия Комитета всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО

11-я сессия Комитета всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО проходила с 7 по года, в Париже во Франции. Было подано 61 объект в список всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. 32 объекта культурного наследия, 1 смешанного объекта и 8 природного наследия. Таким образом, общее число регистраций достигло 287 (211 культурного наследия, 11 смешанных и 65 природных описания наследия).

Список объектов всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО в Индии

В спи́ске объе́ктов Всеми́рного насле́дия ЮНЕ́СКО в И́ндии значатся 36 наименований (на 2017 год), это составляет 3,2 % от общего числа (1121 на 2019 год).

28 объектов включены в список по культурным критериям, 7 объекта — по природным, 1 объект — по культурным и природным. 12 объектов признаны шедеврами человеческого созидательного гения (критерий i), 3 объекта признаны природными феноменами или пространствами исключительной природной красоты и эстетической важности (критерий vii).

Кроме этого, по состоянию на 2017 год, 42 объекта на территории государства находятся в числе кандидатов на включение в список всемирного наследия.

Индия ратифицировала Конвенцию об охране всемирного культурного и природного наследия года. Первые объекты на территории Индии были занесены в список в 1983 году на 7-й сессии Комитета всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.

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Airavatesvara Temple

A pillar in Dravidian architectural-style in Airavatesvara Temple.

The Airavatesvara Temple is in the town of Darasuram, near Kumbakonam completed in 1166 CE. It is one among a cluster of eighteen medieval era large Hindu temples in the Kumbakonam area. The temple is dedicated to Shiva. It also reverentially displays Vaishnavism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism, along with the legends associated with sixty three Nayanars – the Bhakti movement saints of Shaivism. Named after the White Elephant of Indra, this temple is an exquisite testimony to the grand temple architecture of the Cholan Empire. It is the last of the 3 great Cholan temples built by successive generations of Kings starting from Rajaraja I. Airavateswara temple was built by Rajaraja II around 1150 AD. One of the striking features of this temple is Rajagambhira Thirumandapam — Royal Courtyard, with intricately carved pillars, long steps made of granite stones and elegant chariots drawn by horse — again hewn out of stone. You will see finer workmanship in this temple than the earlier temples. Darasuram is literally a stone’s throw away from Kumbakonam.

The stone temple incorporates a chariot structure, and includes major Vedic and Puranic deities such as Indra, Agni, Varuna, Vayu, Brahma, Surya, Vishnu, Saptamtrikas, Durga, Saraswati, Sri Devi (Lakshmi), Ganga, Yamuna, Subrahmanya, Ganesha, Kama, Rati and others. The temple was much larger and once had seven courtyards according to inscriptions. Only one courtyard survives, parts of the temple such as the gopuram is in ruins, and the main temple and associated shrines stand alone. The temple continues to attract large gatherings of Hindu pilgrims every year.

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Brihadisvara Temple

View of the Sri-vimana of the Brihadeeswarar Temple.

The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva. It is one of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of fully realized Tamil architecture. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD. The original monuments of this 11th century temple were built around a moat. It included gopura, the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes and sculptures predominantly related to Shaivism, but also of Vaishnvaism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism. The temple was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the 16th century.

Built out of granite, the vimanam tower above the sanctum is one of the tallest in South India. The temple has a massive colonnaded prakara (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva linga in India. It is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass Nataraja – Shiva as the lord of dance, in 11th century. The complex includes shrines for Nandi, Amman, Subrahmanyar, Ganesha, Sabhapati, Dakshinamurti, Chandesrvarar, Varahi and others. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.

Media in category «Great living Chola temples»

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Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple

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  Ardhanarishvara – half Shiva, half Parvati – sculpture at Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

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  The Ganesha shrine with the main Shiva temple.

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  Stone sculpture at Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

The Gangaikondacholapuram Brihadisvara Temple is a Hindu temple located at Gangaikondacholapuram about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Thanjavur Brihadisvara Temple. Completed in 1035 AD by Rajendra Chola I as a part of his new capital, this Chola dynasty era temple is similar in design and has a similar name as the 11th century, and sometimes just called the Gangaikondacholapuram temple.

It is dedicated to Shiva and based on a square plan, but the temple reverentially displays Vaishnavism, Shaktism and syncretic equivalence themes of Hinduism with statues of Vishnu, Durga, Surya, Harihara, Ardhanishvara, and others. In addition to the main shrine with linga, the temple complex has a number of smaller shrines, gopura, and other monuments, with some partially ruined or restored in later centuries. The temple is famed for its bronze sculptures, artwork on its walls, the Nandi and the scale of its curvilinear tower.

References

Bibliography

• Ayyar, P.V. Jagadisa (1993). South Indian Shrines. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN -3.
• Chaitanya, Krishna (1987). Arts of India. Abhinav Publications.
• Davis, Richard (1997). Lives of Indian images. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00520-6.
• S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979), Later Chola Temples, Thomson Press, OCLC 6921015
• S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975), Middle Chola Temples, Thomson Press, ISBN 978-9060236079
• Michell, George (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-53230-5

External links

• Media related to Great living Chola temples at Wikimedia Commons
• UNESCO’s World Heritage Site listing the Chola temples
• Chola Temple Architecture at come2india.org

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